Mediating and Moderating Effects Perception of Vulnerability to Adverse Effects of the Influence of a COVID-19 Vaccine or COVID-19 Concern as well as Vaccination Intention among Adults in their 20s

Identifying variables was the goal of this investigation. Affecting Plans to vaccinate against COVID-19 and to investigate the mediating and moderating effects of perception of vulnerability to adverse effects of COVID-19 vaccines examines the connection between apprehension over COVID-19 as well as vaccination intentions among Korean adults in their 20s. Participants in this study included 161 South Korean 20-something adolescents who were surveyed using an online questionnaire. COVID-19 vaccination intentions differed significantly by gender (t = 10.291, p =.001), occupation (t = 5.430, p =.021), searching for information (t = 6.455 p =.012), number of vaccinations (t = 22.671), p <.001), the dread of COVID-19 (β =.224, p =.002). COVID-19 vaccination intentions in the participants were significantly positively correlated with and apprehension of COVID-19 (r =.251, p <.01) as well as imagined vulnerability to the vaccine's unfavorable outcomes (r =.362, p <.001). Perceived sensitivity to COVID-19's negative consequences vaccines moderated the connection among COVID-19 anxiety as well as COVID-19 vaccination intentions (b = -.036, 95% CI [-0.07, -0.01], t = - 2.473, p =.015), however, it had no mediating consequence (b = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.06, -0.02]). Vaccination intentions were significantly higher in those with low (b = 0.264, 95% CI [0.143, 0.385], t = 4.316, p <.001) and average (b = 0.191. 95% CI [0.197, 0.286], t = 3.993, p <.001) perceived susceptibility to the adverse effects of COVID-19 vaccines. Therefore, it is necessary to share the country's reliable information and adopt appropriate follow-up measures for the adverse effects of COVID-19 vaccines that can lower perceived susceptibility to the vaccine's adverse effects among adults in their 20s. In addition, the recommendations for further studies the link between aversion to COVID-19 or vaccinations plus various factors distressing COVID-19 vaccination intentions according to age, and further studies regarding factors affecting estimated sensitivity to COVID-19's detrimental consequences and ways to control them are also suggested © 2023, Journal for ReAttach Therapy and Developmental Diversities.All Rights Reserved.

Viral stimulation modulates endotype-related ACE2 expression in eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis.

BACKGROUND: Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a receptor targeted by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is highly expressed in the nasal mucosa. Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) shows diverse endotypes and is aggravated by viral infection. Whether viral stimulation and CRS endotype influence ACE2 expression remains unclear. We investigated the expression of ACE2 and the transmembrane protease, serine 2 (TMPRSS2), which mediate the entry of SARS-CoV-2 into cells, and assessed polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly[I:C])-induced changes based on CRS endotype. METHODOLOGY: ACE2 and TMPRSS2 expression was evaluated based on CRS phenotype, endotype, and tissue type. Correlations between ACE2/TMPRSS2 expression and inflammatory mediators in nasal polyps (NP) were examined. Air-liquid interface culture experiments were performed to assess the effects of major cytokines or poly(I:C) stimulation on ACE2/TMPRSS2 expression in primary epithelial cells from healthy nasal mucosa, eosinophilic NP (ENP), and non-eosinophilic NP (NENP). RESULTS: In primary nasal epithelial cells, interleukin (IL)-13 decreased ACE2 expression but increased TMPRSS2. Eosinophilic CRS showed lower ACE2 expression than non-eosinophilic CRS, regardless of CRS phenotype. CRS endotype was an independent factor associated with ACE2/TMPRSS2 expression in NP. Serum and tissue eosinophilic marker levels were inversely correlated with ACE2 expression, whereas tissue neutrophilic marker levels and ACE2 expression were positively correlated in NP. ACE2 expression was suppressed in ENP tissues; however, a combination of poly(I:C) and IL-13 induced ACE2/TMPRSS2 upregulation in ENP. CONCLUSIONS: ENP tissues have lower ACE2 expression than NENP; however, viral stimulation promotes ACE2/TMPRSS2 upregulation in ENP.

Online Learning in K-12 Schools Amid Covid-19 in South Korea: Challenges and Opportunities

In this chapter, we discuss how to respond and mitigate the educational crisis through remote teaching and learning. Taking the COVID-19 pandemic as an example of the educational crisis, we first present the educational policies taken by the Korean government with some examples of distance learning strategies. The Korean Ministry of Education provided schools with the guidance to adopt three types of online classes for remote teaching and learning: (a) real-time interaction, (b) content-based online class, and (c) assignments-based online class. Some measures were taken to ensure equal access to learning platforms for all students with a zero-rating policy, the device loan service, and the emergency classroom service. We then discuss unique issues and challenges at three levels of the educational system, namely the macro-, meso-, and micro-level factors to highlight the necessity of the multilayered approach in mitigating the education disruption nationwide. The chapter concludes with the opportunities concerning how the lessons learned from this large real-life experiment can shape the shift toward the future of education. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.